Organizational Behavior and Design Essay Example

Hierarchical Behavior and Design Essay You are the director of a Hotel. You have chosen to apply the Big Five Model so as to comprehend your representatives and their work propensities since it is commonly bolstered by an amazing assortment of examination. You need to utilize the five elements of character to coordinate people with occupations to which they are appropriate. You realize that your clients are requesting and now and then troublesome. Thus the activity is unpleasant and causes representatives to feel unreliable. Which character measurement taps a people capacity to adapt to this activity? Examine. The Big Five Model or the five-factor model of character which is commonly called the Big Five-?has gotten Strong supporting proof. A great collection of examination underpins that five fundamental measurements underlie all others and envelop the greater part of the huge variety in human character. Exploration on the Big Five has discovered connections between these character measurements and occupation execution. From the Big Five components I. E. Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to encounter (McCrae Costa, 1 997), the one factor that taps a people capacity to adapt to pressure is Emotional Stability. Let us see the five factors individually and how passionate soundness is the factor responding to our inquiry above. Extroversion incorporates qualities, for example, amiability, confidence, movement and chattiness. Extraverts are enthusiastic and idealistic. Contemplative people are held instead of antagonistic, autonomous as opposed to devotees, even-paced as opposed to drowsy. We will compose a custom article test on Organizational Behavior and Design explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Organizational Behavior and Design explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Organizational Behavior and Design explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Extroversion is described by positive emotions and encounters and is along these lines seen as a positive effect (Clark Watson, 1991). It was discovered that Extroversion is a substantial indicator of execution in occupations portrayed by social connection, for example, deals faculty and supervisors (Barrack Mount, 1991; Pincher et al. , 1998). Johnson (1997) found a constructive connection among Extroversion and occupation execution of police work force, and clarified this relationship as far as the elevated level of communication in the police administration. Appropriateness A pleasant individual is in a general sense unselfish, thoughtful to other people and anxious to support them, and consequently accepts that others will be similarly useful. The unpleasant/opposing individual is egocentric, suspicious of others aims, and serious instead of co-employable. As indicated by Teeth et al. (1991 Agreeableness is a critical indicator Of employment execution. Serving of mixed greens (1997) found that Agreeableness is identified with preparing achievement. The co-usable nature of pleasant people may prompt accomplishment in occupations where cooperation and client care are important (edge et al. , 1999). Uprightness Conscientiousness alludes to discretion and the dynamic procedure of arranging, sorting out and doing assignments (Barrack Mount, 1993). The principled individual is intentional, solid willed and decided. Principles is showed in accomplishment direction (dedicated and diligent), constancy (capable and cautious) and efficiency (arranged and composed). On the negative side, high Conscientiousness may prompt irritating pickiness, habitual tidiness or compulsive worker conduct. Low scorers may not really need moral standards, yet they are less demanding in applying them. Barman, White, Pulaski and People (1991) and Hough et al. (1990) found a relationship of 0,80 between unwavering quality (a part of Conscientiousness) and occupation execution. Different analysts (Barrack Mount, 1991; Barrack, Mount Strauss, 1993; Rink Ferns, 1999) revealed critical relationships among's Conscientiousness and occupation execution. As indicated by Jackets and Weaned (1 996), the relationship youngsters Conscientiousness and employment execution could be credited to the calculated connection among Conscientiousness and trustworthiness. Besides, independence and objective setting impact the connection among Conscientiousness and occupation execution (Barrack Mount, 1993; Barrack et al. , 1993) Emotionally solidness (frequently named by its opposite, anxious people) this measurement taps a people capacity to withstand pressure. Individuals with positive passionate steadiness will in general be quiet, self-assured, and secure. Those with high negative scores will in general be apprehensive, on edge, discouraged and unreliable. Hypochondriacs is an element of ordinary character demonstrating the general propensity to encounter negative impacts, for example, dread, pity, humiliation, outrage, blame and disturb. High scorers might be in danger of certain sorts of mental issues. A high Neurotics score shows that an individual is inclined to having silly thoughts, being less ready to control motivations, and adapting inadequately to pressure. A low Neurotics score is demonstrative of enthusiastic dependability. These individuals are typically quiet, collected, loose and ready to confront upsetting circumstances without getting steamed (Hough et al. , 990). HÂ ¶Raman and Massacre (1996) found that Neurotics is an indicator of execution in different occupations. Dunn, Mount, Barrack and Ones (1995) demonstrated that passionate steadiness (something contrary to Neurotics) is the second most significant trademark that influences the employability of up-and-comers. In an ongoing report Judge, Higgins, Theories and Barrack (1999) found that Neurotics is conversely identified with work execution. Notwithstanding, as indicated by Salad (1 997), Neurotics predicts work execution in specific conditions. Receptiveness to Experience Openness to Experience incorporates dynamic creative mind, stylish affectability, mindfulness to inward emotions, an inclination for assortment, scholarly interest and freedom of judgment. Individuals scoring low on Openness will in general be regular in conduct and traditionalist in viewpoint. They favor the natural to the novel, and their passionate reactions are to some degree quieted. Individuals scoring high on Openness will in general be flighty, ready to address authority and arranged to engage new moral, social and political thoughts. Open people are interested about both inward and external universes, and their lives are experientially more extravagant. They are eager to engage original thoughts and unusual qualities, and they experience both positive and negative feelings more distinctly than do shut people. Examination has demonstrated that Openness to Experience is identified with achievement in counseling (Hamilton, 1 988), preparing (Barrack Mount, 1991 ; Pincher et al. , 1998) and adjusting to change. Conversely, Johnson (1997) found that effective representatives (contrasted and fruitless workers) got fundamentally lower Scores on Openness. Teeth et al. (1 991 ) detailed that Openness to Experience is certifiably not a substantial indicator of occupation execution. A Seibel clarification for the conflicting outcomes with respect to the connection between Openness to Experience and occupation execution is that various employments have various prerequisites. All in all, as per the Social Science Dictionary, passionate strength is people unfaltering quality of state of mind, their capacity to withstand minor mishaps, disappointments, troubles, and different worries without turning out to be vexed inwardly. Genuinely steady people endure minor anxieties and strains of everyday living without getting sincerely agitated, restless, apprehensive, tense, or irate. They can keep up levelheadedness under minor passionate pressure. They are genuinely steady in their fundamental mind-set, and they for the most part return rapidly to that state following those events when they have encountered significant pressure or have been particularly incited which might be an incessant case in serving Hotel clients. The precarious individual, then again, is liable to genuinely wide, visit, and regularly eccentric state of mind moves that may swing from post to shaft. Basically, enthusiastic dependability alludes to a people capacity to resist the urge to panic or level when confronted with weight or stress. Somebody who is touchy is progressively unpredictable, which implies the individual faces an expanded danger of demanding with savage or destructive practices when incited. Individuals with positive enthusiastic steadiness will in general be quiet, fearless, and secure. Those with high negative scores will in general be neo. us, on edge, discouraged, and shaky. A laborers passionate state impacts client assistance, which impacts levels of rehash business and levels of consumer loyalty. Giving quality client assistance sets expectations for representatives since it regularly places them in a condition of passionate disharmony. After some time, this state can prompt employment burnout, decreases in work execution, and lower work fulfillment. Furthermore, workers feelings may likewise be moved to the client. Studies show a coordinating impact among representative and client feelings, which B professionals call passionate disease, the getting of feelings from others. How accomplishes passionate infection work? The essential clarification is that when somebody encounters constructive feelings and giggles and grins at you, you start to duplicate that people conduct. So when workers express positive feelings, clients will in general react decidedly. Passionate disease is significant in light of the fact that when clients get the positive states of mind Or feelings of representatives, they feel urged to visit once more. The refrain additionally works if there should arise an occurrence of negative feelings and dispositions. At the point when a representative is grumpy or terrible, these negative feelings will in general effectsly affect clients. 2. Your supervisory crew is comprised of individuals who are totally different in their ways of life and their phases of life. Metastases is a 23-year-old single parent who is wo

Financial planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Monetary arranging - Essay Example The acquisition of own habitation would require one time up front installment for the property. The pay rates and the salary of the family are for the most part spent in the costs for business and along these lines the wellspring of assets is an issue for the couple to buy the property. The couple is additionally stressed over Vincent’s wellbeing as he is inclined to cardiovascular failure as an innate side effect for which the family needs inactive assets during crisis. The third on the need list is to get ready for a vacation visit in Europe which is wanted by the customer. Instructive Planning Vincent and Linda are worried about the secondary school training of their youngster Julie who is around 3 years of age at present. The couple need to put something aside for their child’s instruction in around 9 years time for which they needed to begin sparing. The issues identified with the training arranging of their youngster is that Vincent may lose his employment of a bo okkeeper because of vital take-over of his manager by another greater player in the business. Likewise Vincent and Linda are not anticipating any further increment in their compensations in the ongoing years. In this manner the money related requirements in financing their child’s instruction could be not kidding issue for Vincent and Linda. Speculation arranging The venture arranging of Linda is the following issue that is being confronted. While Linda and Vincent are worried about smoothing out her speculations, they likewise have the commitment to meet their regularly scheduled payments installments of different liabilities. This requires sifting through of Linda’s superannuation finances which is as of now conveyed into three distinct plans into one plan with the goal that the installments and receipts could be appropriately followed. Hazard Management Vincent and Linda should consider the danger of reimbursement of new charge card obligation that they have gained as of late. This requires an installment of $5000 on a month to month premise while the genuine excess of the family is $3000 in the wake of meeting all uses. Along these lines the customer faces the issue of defaulting on the installment of charge card obligation. Money related planner’s help to the customer The different manners by which the customer could be helped through monetary arranging so as to address the recognized needs are given as follows. Help: Home and Health needs In request to address the initial three needs against which explicit issues have been distinguished as over, the customer ought to be encouraged to embrace advances from the banks just as attempt speculation procedures to build their riches so as to address the issues inside a time of five years. So as to purchase the home, the customer could be encouraged to embrace a credit from the bank for acquisition of property. By indicating their work proofs, the customer would have the option to get the cre dits. The investment funds of rental installments which were going on before could be utilized to aggregate assets for meeting health related crises like coronary episodes. The gathered investment funds could likewise be utilized to back special plans according to the need of the customer (Cordell, 1999, p.57). Help: Educational necessities The instructive need of their kid is positioned fourth in the need rundown of Vincent and Linda’

Write Amazing Social Science Essay Topics

Write Amazing Social Science Essay TopicsThere are many social science essay topics that students can take advantage of to write impressive papers. The good news is that there are many great options for essay topics as well, and by selecting the right one, you can ensure that your paper will be outstanding.Social Studies is an area that all students have some experience with. It covers various aspects of society and how society has developed over time. Depending on the topic, a student can use research to dig up facts that the reader needs to know.Student-written essays about the issues and theories of Sociology are an excellent choice for social science essay topics. It is important to remember that Sociology and Social Studies is not the same thing. A student may need to look beyond a subject that is Social Studies.One major issue with writing an essay is that the audience you are writing to is more interested in learning the facts than the theory. Therefore, you should remember to explain the facts as thoroughly as possible and to build off of other sources, while also analyzing the concept of what you are writing about. The writing style should also be appropriate for the type of paper.If you are not sure about how to write a social science essay topics, you can always hire a student to write it for you. They will help you think of good topics and then outline them. In addition, they will give you tips on how to write an impressive essay, so you will be able to impress your reader.Some topics that have been written about by other students have been published in books, which you can buy to look at the data behind the topic. However, these books are generally very expensive and there is no way you can afford to buy hundreds of them, so most students choose to write their own book on the topic. This is actually a very good option because it allows students to take an original idea and format it for publication. In addition, it allows the student to share his o r her ideas with the world, which is an important part of any successful academic writing career.There are many online social science essay topics that you can choose from. In addition, you can usually find a number of these topics on various websites. Therefore, it is not hard to find essay topics that are interesting, and often these topics will contain an original theme.Therefore, if you want to write a great essay on a topic that you have a lot of knowledge about, then you should consider using one of the many excellent essay topics that are out there. These topics are easy to write, and therefore, you should consider using them to write your next paper.

Essay on Compare and Contrast Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud

Compare and Contrast Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud This research paper will compare and contrast two of the most influencial psychologists who helped shape the way we understand the development of the human mind; Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. The paper will focus on the similarities and differences between Freud’s Psycho-sexual theory, and Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Freud was one of the very first influencial psychologists who changed the way we study humans. Erikson recognized Freud’s contributions, and although he felt Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development, he was still influenced by Freud, which caused some similarities in their theories. . Even though Erikson had eight stages compared to†¦show more content†¦Erikson believed that during this age children begin realizing that they have a will and they begin to understand that their actions are their own. Children will begin to accept and proclaim their own independence. However, just like Freud, Erikson believed t hat if parents are too strict with their children, or punished them too harshly this could result with the child having unhealthy feelings of shame and doubt. There is another similarity seen at another period in each theorist’s stages of development. Freud’s last stage is called the Genital Stage and takes place from puberty onward. This stage is described as â€Å"a time of sexual reawakening† and the young adult looks outside the family in search of sexual pleasure. After some time the person will be able to become an independent adult and will involve themselves in a mature, loving relationship. Freud has a stage similar to Freud’s genital stage, although he believed this developmental part of a person’s life occurred later than at the onset of puberty. He called this stage Intimacy versus Isolation and believed it happened during early adulthood when a person is in their twenties or thirties. Similar to Freud, Erikson saw this stage as a time when a person will start attempting to form intimate relationships with others. Unlike Freud however, Erikson did not believe the person’s motivation would necessarily beShow MoreRelatedDifference Between Freud vs. Erikson Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesDifference between Freud vs. Erikson ENG 121 Difference between Freud vs. Erikson In this essay, I am going to compare and contrast two famous theorists Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud. I will be talking about each of these theorists and their famous theories of psychosocial and psychosexual, since they both are well known development theories. I will provide enough information about both and explain the differences of each, as well. First off, Freud had inspired Erickson who had theories thatRead MorePsychology2912 Words   |  12 PagesPSYCOLOGY EXAM Differentiate between Freud and Eriksons approach to psychoanalytic theory in this lesson. 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Analysis of Student Anxiety - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2183 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Abstract: This study aims to determine students anxiety level in learning at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 3 Kabupaten Tebo. This research is a qualitative descriptive research with the subject of research of class VIII students consisting of 2 classes. Data obtained through observation, documentation, interview and questionnaire on students covering physical, cognitive and emotional aspects. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of Student Anxiety" essay for you Create order The results showed that students anxiety level in class VIII A was 50% (medium category) on physical aspect, 58% (medium category) on cognitive aspect and 56% (moderate category) on emotional aspect. In class VIII B data students anxiety level acquired 55% (medium category) on physical aspect, 56% (medium category) on cognitive aspect and 61% (high category) on emotional aspect. Based on these results it can be concluded that the students anxiety level in learning at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 3 Kabupaten Tebo is in medium category. INTRODUCTION At Junior High School level/MTs, Biology, Chemistry and Physics are studied integratedly on Natural Science subjects. Depdiknas (2011) in Putri (2013) showed that integrated science learning is an approach to science teaching that connects or integrates various fields of IPA study into a single unit. Integrated science learning should also include the dimensions of attitudes, processes, products, applications, and creativity in the learning environment and students are expected to have holistic science knowledge to deal with daily life issues contextually through integrated science learning. The breadth of the scope of the Integrated IPA learning that must be mastered by the students requires readiness in the implementation of the learning process because students readiness in receiving the lessons will ultimately affects the learning outcomes. Soejanto (1991) in Dessy Mulyani (2013, p. 27-28) showed that students readiness is very important to achieve success in learning activities. The success of students doing readiness before following the lesson can determine the success of students in learning, so that it will affect students achievement. If the student is not ready to accept the lesson, it will affect the students psychic condition. For example, the student feels nerveous when the teacher asks him/her to stand in front of the class. According to MOH RI (1990) in Ika (2014, p. 126) anxiety is a tension, insecurity and anxiety arising from perceived unpleasantness. anxiety can also be interpreted as someones excessive concern for the future and his past as well as his abilities (Cowden, 2010). In each student, the symptoms of anxiety that appear are different. Usually it is seen from the physical conditions that ultimately affect the ability of these students in learning. Robert Priest in Namora (2009, p. 15-16) reveals that in times of anxiety the body reacts to physical reactions including the throbbing symptoms; trembling; tension; anxious and restless. Related to learning, there are two kinds of anxiety, survival anxiety and learning anxiety. Learning anxiety can arise because of fear of trying new things that are feared to be too difficult to do, besides that fear will make us look stupid in the effort. Learning anxiety is also influenced by concerns to get out of the comfort zone that has been lived. However , learning anxiety will always be there but if students accept and understand their need to learn, then this can be overcome (Coutu, 2012). Bolliger Halupa (2012) found that there was a real relationship between anxiety and satisfaction in learning. It can be stated that students who have low or moderate levels of anxiety have a high level of satisfaction and the other hand. The results of observation which is conducted at MTs N 3 of Tebo District on February 13th, 2017 showed that there are some symptoms such as sound and shaking legs, cold sweats, disturbed concentration, and nervousness. All of these symptoms occur when the student is asked by the teacher or asked to speak in front of the class, this is done by the teacher to keep the students focus during the learning but not all students match with the method of learning like this. Based on the results of the study, shows that anxiety affects academic achievement (Harris Coy, 2003; McCraty, 2003 in Yaman (2014, p. 1118), mathematical connection ability (Ika, 2014), attitudes and retention (Elliot Smith, 2003; Gaudry Spielberger, 1971; Levitt, 1966; Miller et al, 2001 in Hullinger Hogan, 2014, page 32). In addition anxiety can be affected by increase of grade level, mother and father education level and decrease on academic achievement scores for science lesson (Karakaya et al, 2016, page 29). If this anxiety is not delt immediately, it can lead to other disorders such as panic and stress, but if it can be controlled, the students will gain optimal learning achievement. Based on the problems above, it is necessary to analyze the Anxiety level in integrated science learning process. RESEARCH METHOD This is a qualitative descriptive research. The subject of students of class VIII MTs Negeri 3 Tebo Regency. The total number of the subject was 40 whih were divided into two classes namely class VIII A and class VIII B. The data were obtained through anxiety questionnaire which consisted of 20 statements which were analyzed by using Likert Scale, 5 answer choices consisting of Very Frequently (SS), Frequently (S), Rarely (J), Ocassionaly (KK), Never (TP). The average score of student anxiety level was then categorized by percentage as seen in table 1 below: Table 1: Category of Anxiety Questionnaire Score Percentage (%) Category 81 100 Very high 61 80 High 41 60 Average 21 40 Low 0 20 Very low Source: Ridwan (2011: 89) In addition, the data were also obtained from the interview and observation on the implementation of learning in the classroom. Symptoms of students anxiety that were studied included the physical, cognitive and emotional aspects. Results and Discussion After tested the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was obtained the result that there were 20 statements declared valid and reliable to use. The results of the questionnaire showed that there were three aspects which have anxiety ranges between 50-60% with the details in table 2 below: Table 2: Total Average Score of Anxiety Questionnaire Aspects VIII A VIII B Physical 50 % 55 % Cognitive 58 % 56 % Emotional   56 % 61 % Table 2 above shows fluctuations in the percentage of anxiety levels on the physical, cognitive and emotional aspects. The students anxiety level was categorized Medium category. The emotional anxiety aspect in class VIII B is at High category. Basically the relationship of anxiety level of students in the learning process is very important because if students are too anxious in the process of learning, the learning process cannot runs efficiently. Some of the students which were interviewed said they felt anxious when they are asked to come to the front of the class. The anxiety makes the body tremble and the heart beat fast resulting in shame, nervousness, fear and tension. This is in line with the teachers statement. Furthermore, the teachers stated that the things that cause the anxiety that were experienced by the students are they are not ready to receive the lesson, many students who play games when the teacher convey the material and they do not listen to the material explanation conveyed by the teacher. The teacher also stated that the students attitude can be solved by themselves because the anxiety they feel comes from themselves. What the students expressed was supported by the observations in the learning process. It seemed that the students were lack of attention in the learning process. It is indicated by some students who were chatting and playing games in the classroom, bored; saturated and drowsy. It is assumed that the problem caused by the lack of method and media used by the teacher, therefore, the students were lack of attention and not interested in the lesson. Basically, the teachers play an important role in creating an active and fun learning atmosphere. Fisher (1988) in Novita and Anita (2006) states that classroom teachers can help to reduce students anxiety by creating an interesting classroom atmosphere, such as using humor, games and activities with a high level of relaxation. Students anxiety can also be reduced by providing students with a sense of security, a relaxed but organized atmosphere, as well as a well-organized curriculum and schedule. Competitive class situations should also no t be implemented. Basically, teachers are expected to apply a method of learning that can reduce students anxiety levels. As a result, the students behavior and achievement can be better. When the environment in which the student is in support (both at home and at school) they can get success and good academic experience (Cowden, 2010). Grainger in Sri (2010, p. 13-14) suggests that individuals make decisions about their anxiety based on two factors namely internal factors and external factors. The internal factors are related to everything that comes from the inside of the student that supports learning, such as intelligence, talent, motor skills of the senses, and thinking scheme. External factors are everything that comes from outside of the students that condition them in learning. For example, experience, social environment, teaching-learning methods, learning strategies, learning facilities. Basically, every individual is always trying to overcome anxiety by making adjustments to the causes of anxiety arise. This anxious reaction describes the subjective feelings that arise in the form of uncomfortable tension. Based on that, Burhnham in Sri (2010: p.13-14) who said that the source of anxiety would be more easily explored by examining three basic causes: 1) confidence that may be threatened by doubt about outward appearance and ability 2) our personal well-being may be threatened by uncertainty about the future, doubts in decision making and material concerns, 3) our well-being may be threatened by unsolved conflicts. People with anxiety disorders generally often struggle with anxiety that is difficult to control. Their attempts to control fear usually fail and they suffer from a number of symptoms, both physical and psychological affecting social aspects, occupations and life functions in general. They are very easy helpless and often feel depressed and difficult to focus, sometimes they feel so great tension so that they can not to think. When this disorder arises in children, the anxiety and fear they feel is usually associated with school performance or athletic activity. They constantly feel worried, if they cannot do schoolwork, even they are worried about the situation when they are not evaluated. Most cases occur when the individual is at a young age. Basically anxiety in low and moderate levels have a positive effect on student learning performance, one of which can increase learning motivation (Supri et al, 2013, p. 287), but it will contribute to learner if his/her target is significant. Because of this, families, school administrators and teachers should not be in ideas and expectations that will increase learning anxiety on learner (Karakaya et al, 2016, page 29). Some things that can be done by teacher to reduce the level of student learning anxiety is problem-based learning, discussing with students the test procedures that can be done by them, sharing knowledge and testing skills. Parents can teach their children the skills that needed to have control over the lesson. With this assistance both teachers and parents play a role in controlling the learning anxiety felt by students (Dobson, 2012: p. 32). Conclusion From the results and data analysis, it can be concluded that the level of anxiety students in the learning process in MTs Negeri 3 Kabupaten Tebo are categorized as moderate level. The factors of anxiety are the unpreparedness of students in receiving lessons and the lack of attention and interest of students in the learning process. References Bolluger, DU Halupa, C. 2012. Student Perception of Satisfaction and Anxiety in an Online Doctoral Program. Distance Education, 33(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2012.667961. Dessy Mulyani, 2013. Hubungan Kesiapan Belajar Siswa Dengan Prestasi Belajar, KONSELOR Jurnal Ilmiah Konseling, Vol.2, No.1, Juni 2006. Dobson, Cassie. 2012. Effect of Academic Anxiety on The Performance of Students With And Without Learning Disabilities and How Students Can Cope With Anxiety at School. Retrieved from: https://www.nmu.edu/education/sites/DrupalEducation/files/UserFiles/Dobson_Cassie_MP.pdf Coutu, Diane, 2002. The Anxiety of Learning. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2002/03/the-anxiety-of-learning. Cowden, Peter, 2010. Communication and Coflict: Anxiety and Learning. Research in Higher Education Journal. Retrieved from: https://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/10517.pdf Hullinger, Megan Hogan, RL, 2014. Study Anxiety: Effect of A New Graduate Student Orientation Program, Administrative Issues Journal: Connecting Education, Practice And Research, 4(2), 27-34. Ika Wahyu Anita, 2014. Pengaruh Kecemasan Matematika (Mathematic Anxiety) Terhadap Kemampuan Koneksi Matematis Siswa SMP, INFINITY, Jurnal Ilmiah Program Studi Matematika STKIP Siliwangi Bandung, Vol.3, No.1, Februari 2014, 125-132. Karakaya. Ferhat, Avgin. S. S, Kumperli. E, 2016. Analysis of Primary School Students Science Learning Anxiety According to Some Variables, Journal of Education and Practice, 7(33), 24-31. Namora Lubis Lumongga, (2009). Depresi Tinjauan Psikologi. Jakarta : Kencana. Novita Eka Indiyani dan Anita Listiara, 2006. Efektifitas Model Pembelajaran Gotong Royong (Cooperative Learning) Untuk Menurunkan Kecemasan Siswa Dalam Menghadapi Pelajaran Matematika (Studi Eksperimental pada Siswa di SMP 26 Semarang). Jurnal Psikologi Universitas Diponegoro, Vol.3, No. 1, Juni 2006. Putri Anjarsari, 2013. Pengembangan Pembelajaran IPA Terpadu (Implementasi Kurikulum 2013). Makalah disampaikan dalam PPM Workshop Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Sains Terpadu untuk Meningkatkan Kognitif, Keterampilan Proses, Kreativitas, serta Menerapkan Konsep Ilmiah Siswa SMP,7-12 September 2013, Yogyakarta. Sri Supriyantini, 2010. Perbedaan Kecemasan Dalam Menghadapi Ujian Antara Siswa Program Reguler dengan Siswa Program Akselerasi. Medan : Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Sumatra Utara. Supri. Y, Erlamsyah, Zikra, Zadrian. A, 2013. Hubungan Antara Kecemasan Dalam Belajar Dengan Motivasi Belajar Siswa, Konselor: Jurnal Ilmiah Konseling, 2(1), 283-288. Yaman, Havva, 2014. The Relation General Anxiety Levels, Anxiety of Writing and Attitude for Turkish Course of Secondary School Students, Educational Science: Theory Practice, 14(3),1117-1122.

The Immigration Reform Pl Sloan Friedman - 1915 Words

Immigration Reform Plan Sloan Friedman Immigration is a highly contested issue in the United States. The most recent immigration reform that was proposed passed the Senate in the summer of 2013 but has yet to be introduced onto the House floor. At the same time, the country is home to 11 million immigrants without authorization to live in the United States. The current immigration policies are outdated and do not benefit those wanting to live in this country or the legal citizens of this country. With a new policy that reintroduces worker visas for unskilled labor, a clear path to citizenship and the close monitoring of employers, the United States could regain control of the immigration system while benefiting both the immigrants and citizens of this country. There are five different visas that a potential immigrant can apply for via an employment-based channel. However, each of them requires experience and none of them account for unskilled labor. It is very common that immigrant hopefuls do not fit into any of the wo rker visa categories. Many of the immigrants who come into the United States are looking for jobs in the field of unskilled labor, an area in which the country needs more help. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the United States will need over 3 million additional workers over the next decade to fill the least-skilled jobs. By creating a new visa program for unskilled labor, with the positive aspects of the Bracero Program, the United

Fine Art Essay Example For Students

Fine Art Essay Sketch aesthetics, also known as squishes, are preparatory sketches or paintings to quickly capture the idea off painting (Myers, N. , (2000-2013). The aesthetic of the sketch in the nineteenth-century France). This process was used frequently throughout the time of fine art. The Raft of Medusa by Curricular, and Mount Saints-Victoria broke traditional fine arts when they combined it with applied arts, which is the application of design to objects of everyday use (Applied Arts, 2013), The Raft of the Medusa is an oil painting of 1818-1819 by the French Romantic painter and Lithographer The ©adore G ©auricular (1791?1824) (Raft of Medusa, 2013). G ©auricular undertook extensive research and produced many preparatory sketches. He interviewed two of the survivors, and constructed a detailed scale model of the raft. His efforts took him to morgues and hospitals where he could view, first-hand, the color and texture of the flesh of the dying and dead (Raft of Medusa, 2013, Para. 2). This portrait depicts the essence of the gruesome fight that occurred at this naval appointment which was on widely controversial topic nickering the competence of the Ministry of Navy. Although The Raft of the Medusa retains elements of the traditions of history painting, in both its choice of subject matter and its dramatic presentation, it represents a break from the calm and order Of the then-prevailing neoclassical school (Raft Of Medusa, 2013, Para. 3). Mount Saints-Victoria sis series of oil paintings by the French artist Paul C ©Zane (Mont Saints-Victory, 2013). This landscape is an iconic mountain in southern France that overlooks the Xix-en Provence. C ©Zane often included a ketch of a railroad that ran alongside the mountain in his paintings. C ©Zane praised the Mont Saints-Victory, which he viewed from the train while passing through the railway bridge at Arc River Valley and soon he began the series wherein he topological this mountain (Mont Saints-Victory, 2013, Para. 2). C ©Zane was skilled at analysis. He used geometry to describe nature, and used different colors to represent the depth of objects (Mont Saints-Victory, 2013). As can concisely conclude that the Raft to Medusa by Curricular and Mount Saints-Victoria, in both their choice of subject matter and their presentation, they represent a break trot tine arts.

The Words on a Page free essay sample

Yesterday, I lived in Wonderland. I wandered through the forest with Alice. I was a young girl, grasping tightly to innocence. I dreamed that I lived in a world of my own, a world where everything was the complete opposite of what is. My imagination consumed me. I fantasized of untainted bliss. I was curious to find out more, to discover what exactly was the White Rabbit’s very important date. I searched for my identity, meandering in an unknown land of bizarre creatures like the Mad Hatter. I didn’t know who I would be the next day or what would occur if I suddenly awoke from a dream. My mind soaked up the utter confusion like a sponge and nonsense triumphed over all. Today, I am sitting on a log at Walden Pond. Henry David Thoreau kneels on the grass next to me. We look out into the distance, admiring the hues of the setting sun. We will write a custom essay sample on The Words on a Page or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The intensity of the sun awakens me, reminding me that I am truly alive. Mother Nature gives me the gift of life, of merely being, wrapped in a little box and decoratively tied with a ribbon. My existence is simplistic. I ignore time, the twenty-four hours in a day, seven days in a week, as I bathe in the magnificence of the natural environment around me. I discard my wristwatch in order to witness the transformation from the bright sun to the glistening moon. With Thoreau by my side, I am able to forget everything about civilization and simply listen to the sounds of nature. Tomorrow, I will reside in the Big Apple. I will share a cup of black coffee with Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. We will talk about literature and current events. I will march to the beat of my own drum. If everyone is wearing black sneakers, I will wear neon green. I will be my own person. With a sheet of loose-leaf and a pen in hand, I will write to the tune of my soul. My desire to follow the thoughts that rush through my mind will hold the strength of the caffeine I will consume in a cafe in New York City, in the city that never sleeps, that never stops screaming its voice to the world beyond. I live in all of these places, yesterday, today, and tomorrow. I fall in love with nature, the foliage in the trees up above, the blanket of pure snow, and the blossoming of fresh, brightly colored flowers. I nestle under a gigantic maple tree with a book in hand, embarking on myriad journeys. I travel into make-believe, encountering absurd characters that add light to my life. I stand on the fine line between fantasy and reality. I am effervescent, immersing myself in the beauty of life. I am a devoted citizen of the Big Apple, Walden Pond, and Wonderland. I am all in one; I am I.

Free Essays on Mother Courage

Mother Courage and Her Children The story of Mother Courage and Her Children is one of progressive ruin in the face of war and it’s devastating consequence. As each of Courage’s children leave or die, the burden placed upon her is augmented. By the end of Brecht’s tale, Mother Courage is forced to, quite literally, carry her burdens on her own. As a director, a proper approach to the script would take this progression into account. To exemplify the corrosion of Mother Courage’s world, and the expansion of her burden, attention must be drawn to the wagon, the primary symbol of Courage’s hope and her duty. A possible approach to the symbolism of the wagon would be to increase its size from the beginning of the play to the end. By the final scene, Courage would be pulling a far larger burden, both literally and figuratively than at the beginning of her journey. Another dramaturgical element to be accounted for is that of music. Narrative songs of both hope and despair permeate the play, and are integral to its structure and rhythm. Action on stage should not cease during the songs, but continue as normal. As they are sung, sheets should be folded, knives sharpened and other daily tasks completed, thus changing the songs from capricious acts of artistry, to a necessary expression of powerful emotion. As is exemplified in Courage’s mute and mutilated daughter, Kattrin, the fruits of war have their consequence. Though Courage subsists on the ravages of war, it is the same conflict that ultimately destroys all that she loves. It is this irony that presents an inspiring challenge both dramaturgically and directorially.... Free Essays on Mother Courage Free Essays on Mother Courage Mother Courage It’s always important to be touched. Writers know and understand this idea. Whether the audience feels good or bad about whom or what you present is not as important as the fact that they feel something. Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage and Her Children is a perfect example of a work that doesn’t leave us in very high spirits but touches us in such a way that it becomes even more powerful than if it had. Throughout the play the title character, Mother Courage, is presented to us in such a way that the reader is usually left not knowing how to feel. We have with two choices. On the one hand she can be a money grubbing, self concerned woman who only cares about herself and those directly related to her money. On the other hand she can be considerate and caring mother who only wants to protect her children. It’s an issue the reader wrestles with many times over the course of the play. If you take everything at face value it seems that all Mother Courage is driven by is profit. But then one has to think . . . What’s is her motive? Is it her children? Are we completely misinterpreting Mother Courage’s intentions? Consider this: Mother Courage throughout the war does what she can to keep her daughter Kattrin â€Å"innocent.† Now as awful as it sounds prostitution is a pretty lucrative business. If Mother Courage was only driven by profit wouldn’t she decide that maybe selling Kattrin’s body would help her business? Mother Courage looses all three of her children at the end of the play. As each dies she just seems to pick up and move on, with a brief moment of sorrow. This is a characteristic that adds to the readers contempt for her, and rightly so. Wouldn’t you think the death of a child would affect a mother to the point of agony? But it doesn’t seem to reach Mother Courage on this level. Why is it, that in spite of losing all her children, Mother Courage fails to see the lig... Free Essays on Mother Courage Mother Courage and Her Children The story of Mother Courage and Her Children is one of progressive ruin in the face of war and it’s devastating consequence. As each of Courage’s children leave or die, the burden placed upon her is augmented. By the end of Brecht’s tale, Mother Courage is forced to, quite literally, carry her burdens on her own. As a director, a proper approach to the script would take this progression into account. To exemplify the corrosion of Mother Courage’s world, and the expansion of her burden, attention must be drawn to the wagon, the primary symbol of Courage’s hope and her duty. A possible approach to the symbolism of the wagon would be to increase its size from the beginning of the play to the end. By the final scene, Courage would be pulling a far larger burden, both literally and figuratively than at the beginning of her journey. Another dramaturgical element to be accounted for is that of music. Narrative songs of both hope and despair permeate the play, and are integral to its structure and rhythm. Action on stage should not cease during the songs, but continue as normal. As they are sung, sheets should be folded, knives sharpened and other daily tasks completed, thus changing the songs from capricious acts of artistry, to a necessary expression of powerful emotion. As is exemplified in Courage’s mute and mutilated daughter, Kattrin, the fruits of war have their consequence. Though Courage subsists on the ravages of war, it is the same conflict that ultimately destroys all that she loves. It is this irony that presents an inspiring challenge both dramaturgically and directorially....

Human Resources Role in Target Corporation Term Paper

Human Resources Role in Target Corporation - Term Paper Example Human resource management is that part of management involved act of putting together human capital in an organized manner to ensure that aims and objectives of an organization are achieved in an efficient and effective manner. Human resources are the most precious assets of any organization since they are the activators of non-human resources and the means for developing competitive advantages and sounds of creativity. No organization can exist without human resources department (Walsh, 2009). An organization with no such a department would be curtailing its operations and may collapse within a short period of time. Target Corporation is a large American retailing company with its headquarters in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is the second-largest discount retailer in U.S. it was founded in 1902 as Dayton Dry Goods Company although its first store opened in 1962. This grew to become the largest division of Dayton Hudson Corporation, culminating in the company being renamed as Target Co rporation in August 2000. Target announced its expansion into Canada on January 13, 2011 and has an aim of operating over a hundred stores in Canada by 2013. Target Corporation sells food stuffs and operates groceries that sell dry food stuffs. There are several ways of collecting data for analysis among them being questionnaires, one on one interrogation, online research and using organizational newsletters among others. The method chosen to collect data is online research and organizational newsletters. The purpose of the paper is to assess human resource management and its effect on the employees of Target. Job Design This refers to deciding the contents of a certain job. It is fixing the duties and responsibilities of the job holder, how to do the job as well as define the relationship between subordinates, superiors and colleagues. This should be well spelt out in a company’s policies to ensure that employees adhere to them. Any explanation needed with regards to job des criptions should be answered by top management of a company preferably human resource manager. Job design involves comprises of several issues in any company. A company has to lay job analysis and ensure that this has the support of top management. Job analysis includes reviewing existing job documentation and this should be communicated to employees and managers. Job design helps reduce or curb job dissatisfaction amongst employees since employees are involved in what they like most (Roberts, 1997). It creates chances of rotation hence an employee is able to learn how to perform several tasks in a given organization. Employees are able to interact when the necessary job design is put in place. Job design increases productivity in a company since employees are fully motivated to work. Job design ensures that chain of command if correctly followed in an organization. Job design helps balance requirements of any job with human attributes. A poorly laid down job design results in high rate of employee turnover, more strikes, conflicts and other industrial related problems. There are several factors that affect job design in any given organization. Job scope should be properly described. A narrow scope implies less challenge hence no chance for developing on the management. A wide scope on the other hand will make the management over-worked and may result in distress, dissatisfaction and loss of control. Job design should offer full time challenge on the job. Managers’ efforts should be fully utilised to ensure no much free time during working hours as this might make managers over-stepping their mandate and harass junior staff.

Budget Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Budget - Assignment Example It constructs, reconstructs, maintains, and snow and ice removal throughout the state. It also provides funding for rail, airport, bicycle, pedestrian, and canal programs as well as local government highway and bridge construction. MTA is one operator under DOT besides other more than one hundred and thirty operators running the transportation system. The budget provides funding for DOT capital program of over $3.5 billion to facilitate capital improvement of highways, rail, bridges, aviation infrastructure, non-MTA transit, and DOT facilities. The first $150 million in the $750 million proposed above, for state and local bridge initiative to accelerate the rehabilitation of a hundred bridges serving critical freight, agricultural and commerce corridors. $477.8 million is set aside for funding local highway and bridge projects under Consolidated Highway Improvement Program (CHIPS) and Marchiselli program. DOT will also invest $50 million to accelerate planned fleet upgrades such snow plows, up-fitting heavy pickups to assist in snow removal and installation of vehicle management systems (New York State, 2015). The main transit system will get $4.8 billion of transit operating aid for systems throughout the state broken down as $4.35 billion in new funding and $464 million for other transit systems. An extra $121.5 million is proposed from downstate taxes to fund capital expenses for MTA Downstate Transit Systems. Thruway Authority is to be funded with $1.285 billion for Thruway Stabilization Program for expenditures on NY Bridge, and statewide system. The authority will also continue receiving $85 million in overall support including $21.5 million via direct appropriation. Towards the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), the Executive proposed an all funds appropriation of $324.9 million with $199.2 million as capital funding while the rest are fees charged by various departments (New York State, 2015). The Senate agreed with a majority of the budget

Comparing US and Indias Abortion Laws

Comparing US and Indias Abortion Laws A REFLECTION OF AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCE ON THE INDIAN MILIEU OF LIBERALISED ABORTION POLICIES Abortion laws originated in the United Kingdom as early as 1803, but the credit of revolutionizing abortion laws and recognizing the inherent, perhaps inextricable right and liberty of women over their bodies can only be given to the United States—more specifically to the American Judiciary. From as early as Roe v. Wade, the American Judiciary has been reiterating womens rights as constitutional persons to terminate her pregnancy in the earlier stages and thereafter the State being given a role to play; hence making abortion legal for the first time in the Unites States in 1973. Even though senators and other policy-makers in several, if not all, states of the United States have tried to whittle down the basic premise of Roe v. Wade, it had been emphatically upheld in subsequent cases. After more than thirty years of taking firm root of the pro-abortion movement in the West, anti-abortion groups have again taken a radical stand by trying to control abortions through the introd uction of the Unborn Child Pain Awareness Bill of 2005(commonly known as Fetal Pain Legislation) and as many as twenty-three states in the USA have passed it to be an Act, which would require that abortionists disclose to women the reality that killing an unborn baby by abortion causes pain to the child. It would also require that women who were pregnant for more than twenty weeks would be given the choice of adopting anesthesia for their fetuses. Interestingly this move by the legislatures was said to find its basis on the judgments in Gonzales v. Carhart whereby the Supreme Court had held that the federal legislation banning partial-birth abortion was constitutional on its face. The issue of fetal pain arose amidst the partial-birth abortion debate. Supporters of the federal legislation argued that partial-birth abortion was excruciatingly painful for the fetus and that banning this abortion procedure would further the States legitimate interest in protecting the unborn child. Opp onents of the federal ban argued that there was no conclusive scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that a fetus is even capable of feeling pain. As a result of this partial-birth abortion controversy, legislations aimed at acknowledging and assuaging fetal pain during abortion came into being. In India, the debate on abortion laws as embodied in the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 has been swirling since the Bombay High Courts decision in Dr. Nikhil Dattar Ors. v. Union of India, whereby the Court going by a strict interpretation of the provisions in the Statute, refused to give a lady pregnant with a malformed fetus to abort since she was already in her twenty-fourth week of pregnancy as mandated by the Statute. Since then there have been urgent calls to amend the Statute as long-standing critiques of the policy were brought to the fore-front again. It has become critical at this juncture to look at the development of abortion law and policies in the West, part icularly in the United States, to gauge where India stands at this moment and whether, if at all, India should be inspired from the western counterpoint or take caution from the developments therein to better further its own interests in striking the perfect balance between liberty, autonomy and freedom of the individual versus the States right to interfere. I. INTRODUCTION The issue of abortion presents itself to the modern sensibility and understanding as a perplexing cocktail of moral, spiritual and legal questions. Indeed, the problem of regulating abortion is inherently an exercise in seeking out the equilibrium between an ever-increasing degree of medical empiricism that time and technology continually bring into the fluid domains of moral, religious and legal normativeness. Some of the several facets of the question, by their very nature, would fail to turn up with any one answer under the scrutiny of any court—normative questions of when life truly begins, whose life is more valuable and the relative â€Å"sanctity† of human life, potential and existing, are, as the courts themselves have recognized [1]—complex considerations of such a personal nature that courts had better leave them off their consideration list and if absolutely required to deal with such questions, then exercise the highest possible degree of sensitivity in dealing with them. The application of lenses as varied as the feminist, the medical, the bioethical and moral, the religious[2] and the legal (and more specifically constitutional) yield many resultant views to the issue. Any lasting resolution, legal or otherwise, then must come from a nuanced, holistic view of the multiple facets of the problem. Indeed, the founding notions of the larger abortion debate, personhood, bodily integrity and autonomy, and the relative significance of rights (individual, fetal and of the putative father) and their holders, are issues of interdisciplinary concern. On the central issue of personhood, for instance, which has found resonance in the Courts specifically in context of the fetal status, it has been remarked that the law and indeed society ignores the personhood of the woman[3], who in that regard at least should have been granted full and unquestioned constitutional standing at par with other women and men. Conversely, when the question of fetal personhood is detached from a moral or spiritual context and is viewed under the medical and bioethical lens in measurable and empirical terms, it is defeated.[4] While the debate rages on with passionate voices and legitimate concerns on either side of the divide, and the groundswell of reason and rhetoric shows no sign of ebbing, it has been recognized that the entire compass of the debate boils down to only the lesser of two difficult tragedies[5]. In this article we shall seek to address the extensive analysis and documentation of the evolution of the abortion jurisprudence as has evolved in the United States of America and then compare as to where India with its fledgling abortion laws stands in perspective. Above all, however, even as we take reader through the rhetoric as it deepens into more and more specific concerns, such as those dealt with in the latter part of this article, the exercise brings home the sobering realization that the law, as a tool, can take us only so far in settling the fundamentals of and the issues surrounding the abortion debate[6]. II. ABORTION: THE PAST AND THE PRESENT A. THE PRE-ROE LANDSCAPE Attitudes towards abortion in the ancient world were, in the whole, accepting of abortion, with few qualms about its practice. Ancient religion placed no bar on abortion and fetal rights were largely unrecognized.[7] Interestingly, however, one of the basic requirements of the Hippocratic Oaths is a categorical one to refrain from the practice of abortion in any form.[8] Early common law, influenced as it was by the philosophic and theological debates of its own of when the fetus was to be considered â€Å"alive†, recognized abortion as a crime only after â€Å"quickening†, that is the point in time at which the fetus becomes capable of discernable and independent movement in utero.[9] This was usually considered to occur between the time frame of 16 and 18 weeks into pregnancy, although no entirely empirical basis for this was offered. When England adopted its first legislation in 1803—Lord Ellenboroughs Act[10]—as it was known, it retained the notion of â€Å"quickening†; using it to mark the distinction between a simple felony, before the incidence of quickening and a capital offence once the fetus is quick. Compare this with the scenario eighteen years after the passage of Ellenboroughs Act. Across the Atlantic in 1821, the US state of Connecticut became the first to adopt an abortion legislation which read much like Ellenboroughs Act. Meanwhile, the state of New York in 1828 passed laws recognizing abortion as an offence (which were to become the prototypical model for early legislation across the United States), albeit of different degrees, both before and after quickening. Further, it recognized and included â€Å"therapeutic abortion† as valid and excusable, thereby guaranteeing some safety measures to expectant mothers in cases where their physicians had reason to believe the mothers own life was at risk.[11] Within the span of a hundred years, however, by the middle of the 20th century, the majority of US States had enacted a complete ban on abortion, save for cases in which the mothers life was at risk. The notion of quickening, a pervasive concept forming the fundamental basis for abortion laws in the not very distant past, came to vanish entirely from the rulebook. In the 1960s and 70s, many US States were beginning to adopt some version or variation of the American Law Institutes Model Penal Code[12], (hereinafter referred to the A.L.I. Model) in which the abortion laws were decisively less stringent than before. In a very broad sense and in only very small measure, womens right to abortion began to reclaim some of its early efficacy. The laws, however, despite their new form, allowed far less opportunity to procure a medical termination of pregnancy than in the past. It was only in 1967 that Colorado became the first state to legalize abortion. [13] This movement towards the A.L.I. Model and more liberalized laws in general was, it must be noted, however, a growing but not universal trend of the time. The State of Texas, which enacted its first abortion legislation in 1840[14], was among the majority which made no movement toward liberalizing their abortion laws. Laws banning abortion, except in the case of tangible risks to the mother, remai ned in place in the majority of US States. Thus before even the rise of an opportunity for a stand-off between the legislature and the judiciary as we shall see in the forthcoming part, there were slow and decisive vacillations in abortion laws which sometimes favored the pro-choice and sometimes favored the pro-life with varying degrees over time. B. ROE v. WADE: THE CONTEXT, CRITICISMS, CONCLUSIONS AND CONSEQUENT DECISIONS Against the backcloth elucidated above, it might be pertinent to look into the landmark judgment and decision of Roe v. Wade.[15](Hereinafter referred to as Roe) Herein an unmarried, pregnant woman, under the pseudonym of Jane Roe, instituted a federal action â€Å"on behalf of herself and all other women† in the March of the year 1970 against the District Attorney of Dallas County, Texas, where she resided, challenging the very constitutionality of the Texas Criminal Abortion Laws. She stated her intent to procure a ‘legal abortion â€Å"performed by a competent, licensed physician, under safe, clinical conditions†[16] and that she would not be able to travel to a jurisdiction which would allow her to obtain an abortion of the aforementioned nature. The case came in federal appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States in December 1971, and on the 22nd of January 1973, the Courts historic seven-two judgement was enunciated by Justice Blackmun. This decision ha s since then taken the shape of a veritable cornerstone in any commentary of the protracted history of abortion debates in the United States. Justice Blackmun gave on behalf of the majority the Courts opinion.[17] The Court recognized, following the decision in Griswold v. Connecticut[18], that a general right to privacy exists, although nowhere explicitly stated, in the US Constitution, and that it is protected by the Fourteenth Amendments Due Process Clause. It read the said right as a â€Å"fundamental† one, being â€Å"broad enough† to cover a womans right to choose whether or not to abort, and only subject to government regulation in the face of some â€Å"compelling† interest of the state ( both the life of the mother and the â€Å"potential life† of the fetus were recognized as â€Å"legitimate† interests). The Court held that State interference in pregnancy is justifiable in the second trimester only to protect maternal health, since at this point; the risks of abortion are greater than those associated with childbirth itself. However, it is only once fetal viability is reached th at the State is granted a â€Å"compelling† interest. At this stage, the complete prohibition of abortion, other than in cases of risk to the expectant mothers health or life, is permissible. The dissenting opinion, given by Justice Rehnquist, however lays down certain criticisms of the judgement. Firstly, that the Court went too far in formulating and applying constitutional rules in terms which were significantly broader than the precise facts of the case warranted. Secondly, the application of the right to privacy in this case was seen as difficult to justify and thirdly, he conceded the applicability of the Fourteenth Amendments Due Process clause to legislations such as the one at hand but goes on to find troubling the Courts â€Å"sweeping invalidation† of restrictions in the first trimester. Further, he stated that the Court had perhaps taken its task too far, leaving the boundaries of judicial judgement and entering onto legislative turf. The resolution of this and other cases by no means signalled the end of the pro-choice journey. As recognized by the courts, safe abortions remain a function of such considerations as race and income. The United States has seen violent attacks against abortion clinics and stigma remains a very real challenge. In spite of it being touted as a landmark judgement, Roe continues to attract criticism from all quarters. Drawing their main premises from the Rehnquist dissent, many, be it proponents or opponents of abortion alike, have questioned the sound basis of the judgement and the consequences of its overly broad and vague contentions[19]. The construction of the doctor-patient relationship and the rights and roles of the two parties (the woman seeking abortion and the medical practitioner) as depicted by the Court was also criticized. There have also been several attempts to overturn the Roe decision. In fact in about a decade leading up to 1992, the United States approached the Court as amicus curiae in five separate cases, to overrule Roe, but the judgment was resoundingly upheld in what would be touted as another landmark: the Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey.[20](hereinafter referred to as Casey) The courts decision was given, in this case, by a triad of judges. This case is one among a very small group to hold that distinction. Justices OConnor, Kennedy and Souter, in their joint opinion, had the following to say: â€Å"After considering the fundamental constitutional questions resolved by Roe, principles of institutional integrity, and the rule of stare decisis, we are led to conclude this: the essential holding of Roe v. Wade should be retained and once again reaffirmed.†[21] Casey, as is evident from the above, upheld the fundamental grounds of the majority decision in Roe. It has even been said that the (joint) opinion has definitively and decidedly put all doubts about the â€Å"basic constitutional question of abortionà ¢â‚¬ .[22]After Casey, the constitutional basis of the womans (qualified) right to abort was no longer negotiable, and no likelihood remained of the Court reconsidering or overturning Roe while, for example, in another, earlier case, the consideration of Roes constitutional merits were only left off for another day[23].It must be noted, however, that the judges in Casey made clear that they were by no means offering an unqualified affirmation of Roe. The Court denounced the prescriptive medical trimester system laid down in Roe and, in its place, enunciated the test of â€Å"undue burden†. Under this test, the State may justifiably place regulations on the procurement of abortion pre-viability as well, in furtherance of its interest in the life (or potential life) of the foetus, provided that the regulations imposed lay down no undue burden on the womans right to procure the abortion, if she so chooses. This right exists even in spite of the fact that the States interests we re deemed in Roe to become compelling only in the third, last trimester of pregnancy, when the court could prohibit abortion, other than when the womans life was in danger. The Courts holdings in Casey came in the context of Pennsylvanias state laws which required parental or spousal notification if a woman desired to procure an abortion. The provisions regarding the former were upheld on the grounds that that they did not impose an undue burden on the pregnant woman and her rights, while the latter was declared unconstitutional by the Court. The broad constitutional questions surrounding the abortion having been addressed in Roe and settled in Casey, more specific issues began to appear before the Courts. In Stenberg v. Carhart[24] (hereinafter referred to as Carhart I), at issue was a Nebraska state statute[25] criminalizing the performance of partial-birth abortions, a particular form of abortion in which the living fetus is delivered partially into the vagina, aborted and then delivery is completed. The statute afforded no exception for cases in which the womans life is at risk. Dr. Leroy Carhart, a medical doctor in the state of Nebraska who performed abortions, brought this suit contending that the provisions of the statute violate the US Federal Constitution. The case came in appeal before the Supreme Court. The Court, in its opinion delivered by Justice Breyer on the 28th of June, 2000, found that the statutes were unconstitutional firstly, because the requisite exception in respect of grave risks to maternal life was entirely absent and secondly, because, in its complete restriction of access to a particular method of abortion, the statute was seen to place an undue burden on the womans right to choose abortion itself. The breadth of the judgement spans a consideration of the various abortion methods available, partial birth abortion being only one among them, and the validity of the ban on partial birth abortion under the statute, referring, as the District Court before it had, to medical definition and policy of the American Medical Association. The judgement also contained a further restatement of the Courts as affirmation of the principles in Roe and Casey. The decision in Carhart I derives much of its value from the fact that the substance of the decision invalidated, for all intents and purposes, similar bans which were at the time in force in the majority of US States. But, subsequently, on the 5th of November, 2003 the United States Congress passed the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act[26](hereinafter referred to as the Partial Birth Act) criminalizing the performance of partial birth abortions. In spite of the decision in Carhart I, this piece of legislation contained, as did the Nebraska statute which was the subject of the dispute, no exception for the health of the woman. It has also been noted that the language of the Partial Birth Act was very similar to the Nebraska statute[27]. The validity of the Partial Birth Act came up for question in yet another case brought to the courts by Dr. Carhart (and others) challenging its constitutional validity and seeking a permanent injunction against its enforcement, this decision we now call Carhart II[28]. In this instance, Carhart II on appeal from the Eighth Circuit Court and another case, also involving US Attorney General Gonzales and the question of the validity of the Partial Birth Act (such cases w ere referred to as â€Å"facial† attacks or challenges to the statute)[29], with specific reference to the requirement of an exception for cases involving maternal health, Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood Federation Of America, Inc.[30], on appeal from the Ninth Circuit, were consolidated and heard by the Court. The case was closely fought, and the opinion deeply divided. With a majority of five as against four,[31] the judgement went in favour of Attorney General Gonzales—the Act was upheld. As in Carhart I, Justice Kennedy in his statement of the Courts opinion for the majority began with an exposition on the various methods of abortion. The plurality opinion in Casey in relation to State interest was resurrected, but Justice Kennedy made a clear distinction: the Act merely regulated one method of abortion. It placed restrictions on the procurement of abortion itself and, therefore: â€Å"The law saves not a single fetus from destruction, for it targets only a method of performing abortion.†[32]The specific statement of the validity of the Act was justified by Justice Kennedy. He held that the Act was â€Å"not void for vagueness, does not impose an undue burden from any over breadth, and is not invalid on its face.†[33] Justice Thomas and Justice Scalia concurred, and the former in his concurrence states, crucially, that: â€Å"I write separately to reiterate my view that the Courts abortion jurisprudence, including Casey and Roe v. Wade, has no basis in the Constitution.†[34] Justice Ginsburg, with whom Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, and Justice Breyer joined, in an emphatic dissent was in her words â€Å"alarmed†[35] by the Courts decision. She further recognised the weight of the precedent which, in upholding the Act, the Court was ignoring and could not find any fathomable justification for the same. Thirdly, she pointed out the Courts complete and unjustifiable terms, which showed no regard for or recognition ,express or implied, of the hitherto firmly entrenched notion of viability and the distinction and consequences of pre- and post-viability abortion decisions. Lastly, she expressed complete disagreement with what amounted to an absolute sanction of federal intervention and legislation contrary to a specialist bodys, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG), professional view that such a procedure was in specific cases required and necessary. Notwithstanding Justice Ginsburgs specific premises of dissent, several others exist. One strong objection to Carhart II is this: Thirty four years after Justice Blackmuns decision in Roe, Justice Kennedys enunciation of the majority opinion in Carhart II marked a return of the Court to its initial stance on the relationship of the woman, vis-à  -vis medical practitioners. The construction of the woman slid from casting her as the primary stakeholder and decision maker as regards termination of pregnancy, as explicitly established in Casey among several other decisions of the Court, to one in which the she acted as her doctor chose. It seems that Carhart II is, by its statements with respect to the womans status and their implications at least, a return to Myra Bradwell[36]-esque rhetoric and reasoning[37], where the womans status and function in society and societal interaction is reduced to a narrow definition, accounting for only her ability to procreate and her role in maternity and child rearing. Another (related) criticism also stems from Justice Kennedys statement as regards the consequences for the prospective mother upon the actual performance of a medical abortion: â€Å"Severe depression and loss of esteem can follow.†[38] No empirical foundation is offered for such an inference; indeed, doubts surrounding the very question of existence of a scientific basis are admitted: the absence of â€Å"reliable data to measure the phenomenon† is explicitly conceded. Roe, since its passage three and a half decades ago, has been a touchstone in the evolution of the body of laws that governed medical termination of pregnancy. Its full scope was whittled down early in its existence, most visibly and explicitly in Casey. But, despite that, its basic premises, its spirit unambiguously prevailed in all of the US Supreme Courts deliberations and pronouncements on the subject. It is a foreseeable consequence, however, that, after Carhart II, movements, especially pro-life advocacy, and their founding impetus will grow in favor of overthrowing Roe or circumventing it, most likely through legislation, as is already beginning to emerge in several US states[39]. The question of whether the vast body of abortion jurisprudence in the United States Courts system will finally at all, let alone conclusively, amount to â€Å"progress† in the field of gender rights and, more particularly, for the cause of female reproductive autonomy has, now, especially aft er Carhart II and Casey taken on a significantly diametric range of possible answers as compared to those that were presumed likely prior to the resolution of these cases. The precise answer is, at this juncture at least, only a product of time. II. FOETAL PAIN LEGISLATION—CONTRACTION OF AUTONOMY FOR PREGNANT WOMEN â€Å"The essence of civilization is this: The strong have a duty to protect the weak. We know that in a culture that does not protect the most dependent, the handicapped, the elderly, the unloved, or simply inconvenient become increasingly vulnerable.† George W. Bush[40] A. A SHORT ANALYSIS OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE UNBORN CHILD PAIN AWARENESS ACT OF 2005 AND THE NEED FOR SUCH A LEGISLATION Though the then Governor Bush who would later become the President of the United States of America was not talking of abortion at all, he was perhaps echoing the sentiments of another President of a by-gone era: Ronald Reagan. The latter in an address had famously said that: â€Å"Medical science doctors confirm that when the lives of the unborn are snuffed out, they often feel pain, pain that is long and agonizing.†[41] With such lofty intentions in mind, to protect the vulnerable perhaps, the Fetal Pain Legislation was introduced in the Senate. The Unborn Child Pain Awareness Act of 2005(hereinafter referred to as the Act) was introduced by Senator Sam Brownback of Kansas in the US Senate on 24th January 2005; being Senate Bill no. 51.[42] This Act aims to punish physicians heavily should they fail to advise women of the potential for fetal pain after 20 weeks gestation.This is done by amending by adding a new chapter titled â€Å"Title XXIX—Unborn Child Pain Awareness† to the Public Health Service Act, first enacted in 1946. There has been a considerable furor over this particular provision in the Act as the medical fraternity is continuously making itself heard that at this stage of gestation, the fetus does not develop the necessary biological mechanism to feel pain as such. Case in point would be a wing of physicians, specialized in embryology and neuro-anatomy, who assert that pain fibers do not start penetrating the cortex before the fetus is 26 weeks old and the sensation of pain would not begin before the 29th week.[43] Nevertheless the Congress ignoring well proven ideas on the same issue, state in the Findings which are a part of the Act that at 20 weeks after fertilization, fetuses have the capability to feel pain and to make the ambit even wider—since the concept of what the fetuses might be ‘feeling might not be ‘pain at all—the Congress in its Findings mentioned that such fetuses might show such stimuli as may be interpreted to show feelings of pain if observed in infants or adults.[44] The requirement of informed consent as laid down is Sec. 2902 of the Act provides for some very stringent and conformist ideas about intimating the pregnant woman regarding the consequences of her action. The provision states the abortion provider or an agent must provide to the pregnant lady with the information that after however many weeks her fetus is into gestation (provided it is more than 20 weeks), such fetus has the necessary physical structures present to feel pain and that such fetus shall feel pain irrespective of whether the pregnant lady has been given pain-averting drugs or general anesthesia. The pregnant lady is to be then given a brochure to be designed by the Department of Health and Human Services and also made to necessarily sign a decision form whereby her decision as to whether or not pain alleviating drugs shall be administered to the fetus directly are recorded for official purposes. This step-by-step method is not only to be compulsorily followed but the pro vision also mentions what the abortion provider or the agent must say in such situations in as many words.[45] The only exception provided to this is in case of Medical Emergencies and such situations which would fall under this exception have also been defined in the Act. As such Medical Emergencies are to mean such situations in the reasonable medical opinion of an abortion provider of imposing a â€Å"serious risk of causing grave and irreversible physical health damage entailing substantial impairment of a major bodily function† if abortion is delayed.[46] Penalties for not substantially following the mandates of these provisions have also been laid down in the Act itself and range from monetary fines to cancelling of licenses.[47] The Act also grants a private right of action to the woman on whom an abortion is performed in violation of the provisions of this Act or her legal guardians in case of an minor or unemancipated woman, to commence a civil action against such ab ortion provider who has acted recklessly or knowingly for actual and punitive damages.[48] If we were to adopt a simple assumption that given a choice between a procedure which would result in inflicting pain upon a fetus and another maybe more expensive procedure which might alleviate the pain a fetus may feel, most women would prefer the latter procedure. If that were to be true, then physicians would regularly administer pain relieving medicines to fetuses as a part of late term abortion procedures. However there is at present no such indication that it happens.[49] Doctors however have been found to routinely providing fetal pain relief drugs quite routinely while performing in-utero surgeries.[50]And here lies precisely the need for a fetal legislation. To explain more elaborately, we can pinpoint the reasons for physicians not administering fetal relief medicines due to broadly three reasons. The first and very pertinent reason would be that physicians do not look at fetuses as their patients and hence do not bother themselves with the problem of alleviating their pain. Secondly, physicians and patients would not be willing to venture into pain relieving methods which would involve higher costs as well as some health risks associated with longer periods of sedation.[51] Also because discussing fetal pain before an abortion might be uncomfortable, even for a physician accustomed to having conversations about sensitive matters with patients, as such abortion has as its purpose the destruction of the fetus, and physicians naturally prefer to discuss matters that patients find reassuring, the default arrangement seems to be that physicians provide no information on fetal pain or fetal pain relief. Thirdly and perhaps a disconnected reason from the other two at that, is the fact that most women did not have enough awareness to realize that there is a possibility, albeit a minor one, that the fetus she is aborting might feel pain during the procedure, much less asking for means to alleviate that pain. However if perhaps women could be provided with the required information that their fetuses may and in all probability do suffer fetal pain while undergoing abortion[52], then they would in most circumstances be persuaded to administer drugs to the fetus. This is assuming that such women would not be indifferent as to whether their fetuses feel pain or not. This would in fact be in line with the testimony of most women who opted for late-term abortions saying that they had to opt for a tragic end to much wanted pregnancies due to other considerations.[53] Even with such factors for women to want administration of pain relieving drugs to the fetus, it has been suggested that they mi ght not be in a position to actively seek out information about the issue of fetal pain, keeping in mind that they have innumerable such considerations clamoring for attention in their minds.[54] Thus legislation requiring the abortion providers to necessarily supply pregnant women of such information and seek their informed consent to administer pain alleviating drugs might right the current skew in the society. B. HOW THE LEGISLATION COULD PASS CONSTITUTIONAL

Urine Therapy :: Health Medicine Papers

Urine Therapy At the end of the winter of 1996, something historic occurred. During that February in India, the First World Conference on Urine Therapy took place. Scholars around the world gathered together to discuss the age-old practice of "urine therapy." Although urine therapy had been around for thousands of years, it had fallen into obscurity over the last century. Now, urine therapy was officially back in business. So what exactly was this alternative practice that dealt with one’s own bodily fluid? And how does it help? What are the claims of effectiveness? What does the scientific and medical world have to say about it? How does it work? Does it work? These, were the questions that demanded discussion. What is urine therapy? The basic definition of "urine therapy" is using (your own) urine internally or externally as a way to aid or sustain your health. Urine therapy, which includes drinking, injecting, massaging with-, and/or bathing in- urine, is an ancient practice that is used today, not only in times of sickness, but also in times of good health for preventive health maintenance. It has been claimed to have proven helpful in a great number of varying illnesses, ranging from a simple cold and a throat-ache, to tuberculosis and asthma, from minor skin problems such as itching to major skin problems such as eczema, psoriasis and even skin cancer. But you probably ask, "How can your own urine benefit your health? Besides, isn’t it toxic?" Urine as a lifesaver: During the NBC Nightly News on October 16, 1992, Tom Brokaw reported that, "In Egypt, rescue workers found a 37-year old man alive in earthquake rubble. He survived almost 82 hours by drinking his own urine. His wife, daughter and mother would not and they died" (http://www.all-natural.com/urine.html ). We’ve all heard stories of individuals who have either lived or died by being trapped in places without food or water for days. In those stories, the survivors were always the ones that drank their own urine. The ones that died probably could not overcome the misguided thoughts that urine is an unhealthy waste product of the body. But it’s not; urine is simply a substance that the body does not need at the time, and a substance that the body secretes. And sometimes, it’s a lifesaver. What’s in urine? Urine, 95% of which is water, 2.5% of which is urea, and 2.5% of which is a mixture of minerals, salts, hormones, and enzymes, is not a toxic waste product.

Advantages and Disadvantages of International Trade Essay

Introduction Textile industries are significant segment, which distinguished country’s success by which nations establish to accomplish its respective aimed goal. International trade of textile is the exchange of textile between countries. The trade of textile contributes to the economy of the world. In which the prices of textiles, and their supply and demand, that affect and get affected by global events. Trading textiles globally provide countries and consumer the opportunity to expose to services and goods not available in their own country. Almost every quality of textile can be found in international trade. A textile that can be sold in the global market is called as an exporter, and textile which can be bought from the global market is called as an importer. Export and import are accounted for current account of country’s in the balance of payment When there is no trade between the rest of the world and China Exporting means manufacturing goods or services within the country and trading or selling them to another country. Whereas, importing means the acquisition and sale of services or good from acquired from another country and selling those acquired good within the country. If there is no trade activity between China and the rest of the world, i.e. import and export of  product or services, then in this case there will be no importer or exporter of textile as there is no such activities between these two countries. Since, the prices of textile in china are lower than the textile price, which are offered in the rest of the world. China has capacity for improvement as its improving living style, bringing increased demand in both quality and quantity of textile product, and its manufacturing process is cheaper as compared to the rest of the world. Also, there will be no effect over the price of textile in China and the rest of the world. Because both of them are selling the textile domes tically to their local consumers. When there is a trade between the rest of the world and China When the trade is allowed to take place freely between the two countries, then import and export activities take place. China and the rest of the world will be able to sell its textile globally enabling them to import and export textile. The textile industry serves as a pillar of China’s economy due to the factor endowment and market scale. The competitive advantage of Chinese textile industry as compared to the world is their cheap labor cost and their technology. China’s textile industry display obvious scale economy and possess cost effects in supplying of material, labor cost, quality of product, compatibility between down and up stream, which pay for its dynamic export competitive advantage. However, the abolition of textile quotas in 2005 is helpful for textile sector in china to win access to foreign market, and helpful in constructing the opportunity for scale expansion and industry upgrade. The second main advantage of globalization in china is due to the super iority of China in material supply. China is the world largest producer of cloth, cotton, natural fiber and yarn due to the status of her superiority in resources and agriculture. Whereas, the richness in natural fiber and growth in the chemical fiber sector brings superiority advantage for the Chinese textile industry as compared to those developed countries. Comparison of china textile industry as compared to the developed countries. China’s textile industry is largely curtailed from comparative advantage in natural resource endowment and advantage in labor supply. Due to the integrated industrial chain and cheaper labor cost, the textile product of china is most competitive and main exports. However, the developed countries’ advantage in textile lies in the R&D, brand and matured marketing  channels and abundant capital, which is the expensive resources as compared to Chinese traditional resources. As China is a major consumer and producer of textile product. It has a great potential in consumption and production opens a vast market of medium and textile, textile machinery from developed countries, which results in advance interdependence among textile industries on both sides. As the production of Chinese textile industry is comparatively lower than those of developing countries. The production process of the USA is mainly concerned with high wages of employees, high research and development cost, and excess cost of the advertisement, as compared to the cost incurred by the Chinese. The introduction of China into the global market will cause the prices of the textile to decrease because of the above factors. Thus increasing the competition in the industry and pressure exerts by the US consumer over their textile industry to lower the prices in order to remain in the market. In this way China will enjoy the benefit more than the developed nation due to its competitive advantage as other developed nations, including the USA will face loss in a form of expenditure incurred and high cost of textile as compared to China. This loss can result in a decrease of profitability or list of customers. Free trade is the best trade policy Free trade is a policy made by international markets in which government of the country does not restrict imports and export. Free trade can be exemplified by the European union and the North American Free Trade Agreement, which is created to establish open markets. However, most of the government in order to protect local employment impose protectionist policies that are intended to support them, such as subsidies to export or applying tariffs to imports. Most of the economist is in favor of free trade. Free trade improves lives of people’s. Through it each person can specialize in what they do best. Free trade promotes competition in the supply of services and goods, which results in motivates people to develop better, less expensive services and goods. Policy-makers have learned how important is freedom to trade in order to improve and increase the welfare and standard of living. According to the world trade organization, the applied tariff in the developed countries has fallen by 10% in 1980 to under 5% per day. Due to the fall of these barriers, the flow of trade has  increased dramatically. The removal of trade barriers, particularly in some fast moving economies enables more than 500 million people to lift themselves up from the poverty, including 400 million in china and million of people in india. Free trade hard to achieve Independent nations negotiate trade agreements, which are in their own interest and value in mind. Other than maximizing the global output level, there are values and interest among the independent nations. Following are the reasons why it is hard to achieve the free trade. International trade required more resources to distribute, as delivering products on the other side of the world has an environmental impact because it uses fossil fuel in delivery from overseas, as compared to local delivery. Economic disruption will also produce by the shortage of fuel energy and increase in fuel price as it is a finite resource that is being depleted. The influence of foreign firm will be made in developing countries, in subsidizing local corporation offers accusation of Protection by free trade advocates, while businesses to foreign corporation are portrayed as a mere balanced incentive. Free trades are opportunity to dominate the market by the developed countries, only developed countries can take advantage of it. But developing nations, it undermines their relative advantage. Developing countries solely focus on elementary and simple industries, because their comparative advantage is always a cheap labor. They are concerned that they may keep suffering at the root of international division of labor if they bear by the static principle.